Timelines, Time-stories and developing confidence at A level
One of the most important – and hardest things – for A level students to do is to develop an overview of the content of a new module. An overview is vital because:
- it creates confidence and confidence is critical in learning effectively – just think of the opposite, how uncertainty niggles and undermines the ability to work effectively.
- it creates a context for the individual topics and questions
- it starts to give a module a unity that can be lost amidst a sequence of individual topics and questions.
How best to help students develop an overview?
One method which is not very effective is to provide a timeline of events for students to look at or copy. The problem with a timeline is that there’s no pattern or story in it. It’s just a disembodied list of events and that makes the content hard to take in. It’s much more helpful to use what’s often called a living graph but which may be more usefully called a Time-story, a two dimensional representation of events.
The Time-Story that’s linked in below provides an example – a small part is also shown in the image.
Wars of the Roses Time-Story
It’s a draft from SHP’s new A level series, from the book on The Wars of the Roses (take a look even if you don’t teach it – it’ll make the point better than a topic you are familiar with!). Imagine what this would have looked like as a timeline – a list of kings in sequence showing the length of each reign. The weakness would be that such a timeline contains no story and yet it’s the story or pattern that makes it possible to remember the detail (for all of us bar a few blessed with remarkable memories). A timeline just showing reigns has the added negativity of looking arid and uninteresting and may develop anxiety, not confidence, among students.
So why is the Time-story more likely to be effective? The critical feature is the list of qualities of good kingship at the top (and bad kingship at the bottom) – the story is how close English kings came to reaching those qualities after the peak of Henry V. It’s the story of slow decline, plummeting as Henry VI reached adulthood and descending to complete failure as civil war broke out. Henry VI was replaced by Edward IV who twice (see second spread of attachment) looked as if he was building royal success, only for problems to start again. The first occasion was Warwick’s rebellion, the second Richard III’s seizure of the crown. The period ends with the English monarchy again showing many of the signs of failure described along the bottom of the page.
It’s the graph that’s important. For many the shape of the visual line will be much easier to remember whereas disembodied names by themselves can be tough to take in.
Equally important is the activity that goes with the graph – asking students to retell the story in their own words in a fixed time or word limit. It’s the transference of what’s on the page into their own words that makes learning really effective – just looking at this and reading the text won’t be nearly as effective. I don’t expect students to include and remember all the detail that’s on these pages by any means but what will be possible will be to tell an outline based on the shape of the graph and then, as their knowledge and confidence develop, they can then begin to add more details to the curves and trends of the graph.
And it will be so much more effective again if they think about how to retell the story as well as what goes in it – props, visuals, a graph of their own – anything that requires thinking about how to tell this story – that’s what cements it in the mind. Repetition at monthly intervals will help too.
Do you have time for this kind of initial activity? Given its importance for developing students’ confidence can you afford not to do this, whatever the topic?
So in conclusion:
- Don’t underestimate the importance of confidence for students’ learning.
- Spend time creating an effective overview – don’t race past to get to the ‘important’ first topic. The overview saves time in the long run.
- Value the two-dimensional and visual presentation – it helps students who find text alone difficult. Knowledge and understanding is no less worthwhile for being developed through non-text media.
- Experiment to see what kinds of activity work best in helping students understand an overview pattern of events.
- Revisit the overview during a module both for consolidation and to give coherence to the module.
Ian